Preface 1. Neural Induction\nK. L. Almeida, J. Abreu, C. Y. I. Yan 2. Neurogenesis: A Change of Paradigms\nL. E. Mello, B. M. Longo 3. Neurogenesis in the Olfactory Epithelium\nB. Malnic, L. Armelin-Correa 4. Cell Diversification During Neural Crest Ontogeny: The Neural Crest Stem Cells\nE. Dupin, G; W. Calloni, N. M. Le Douarin 5. Intermediate Filament Expression in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Early Embryos\nZ. Xue, V. Moura-Neto, A. Izmiryan, S.C.S. Martins, J. C. Larcherc, D.Paulin, Z. Li 6. Aneuploidy in Embryonic Stem Cells\nR.C. Sartore, P.B. Campos, M.J. McConnell, S.K. Rehen 7. Retrotransposition and Neuronal Diversity\nM. C. N. Marchetto, F. H. Gage, A. Muotri 8. Directing Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Distinct Neuronal Subtypes\nN. Ammon, N. Hartman, L. Grabel 9. Neurotransmitters as Main Players in the Neural Differentiation and Fate Determination Game\nK.K. Yuahasi, K.N. Gomes, M. Campos, A.A. Nery, A. Nunes Alves, C.A. Trujillo, H. Ulrich 10. Rhythmic Expression of Notch Signaling in Neural Progenitor Cells\nH. Shimojo, T. Ohtsuka, R. Kageyama 11. Neuron-Astroglial Interactions in Cell Fate Commitment in the CNS\nJ. Stipursky, T.C.L. S. Spohr, L. F. Romão, F.C. A. Gomes 12. The Origin of Microglia and the Development of the Brain\nF.R.S. Lima, A.C.C. da Fonseca, G.P. Faria, L.G.F. Dubois, T.R. Alves, J.Faria, V. Moura Neto 13. Tissue Biology of Proliferation and Cell Death among Retinal Progenitor Cells\nR. Linden, R.A.P. Martins, M.S. Silveira, H.L. Borges, A. Sholl-Franco, L. Fragel-Madeira, A.C.Dudenhoeffer-Carneiro 14. Potential Application of Very Small Embryonic Like (VSEL) Stem Cells in Neural Regeneration\nM.Z. Ratajczak, E. Zuba-Surma, M. Kucia, P. Nowacki, B. Machalinski 15. Embryonic Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Parkinson\'s Disease\nA. Morizane, J.Takahashi 16. Functional Multipotency of Neural Stem Cells and Its Therapeutic Implications\nY.D. Teng, S. Kabatas, J. Li, D.R. Wakeman, E.Y. Snyder, R.L. Sidman 17. Dual Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury: Cell Replacement Therapy and as a Model System to Understand Axonal Repair\nC. King, S. Patel, T. Livingston Arinzeh, P. Rameshwar.